Soft Tissue Restoration Using Tissue Engineering

Parul Patel; Geoffrey L. Robb; Charles W. Patrick Jr

doi:10.1055/s-2003-39860

Seminars in Plastic Surgery, Table of Contents

Semin Plast Surg 2003; 17(1): 099-106
DOI: 10.1055/s-2003-39860

Soft Tissue Restoration Using Tissue Engineering

Parul Patel^1,2 , Geoffrey L. Robb, Charles W. Patrick, Jr.^2,3

¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX
²Laboratory of Reparative Biology and Bioengineering, Department of Plastic Surgery, The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX
³The University of Texas Center for Biomedical Engineering, Houston, TX

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The correction of soft tissue defects caused by trauma, tumor resection, congenital abnormalities, and aging presents a challenge in plastic surgery. Soft tissue defects run the gamut in terms of volume, from restoring the fullness of the face by removing wrinkles to restoring the breast mound after mastectomy. The limitations of current techniques have served as drivers for the development of adipose tissue as an application area for tissue engineering. Tissue engineering is a growing field that combines bioengineering, the clinical sciences, and the life sciences to repair or regrow tissues. This article discusses the inadequacies of current methods of correcting soft tissue defects and the innovative adipose tissue engineering strategies under pursuit to abrogate these limitations and improve patient outcomes and quality of life.

KEYWORDS

Adipose tissue - biomedical engineering - breast reconstruction - soft tissue augmentation - tissue engineering - tissue scaffolds

Full Text

References

REFERENCES

1 Elson M L. Soft tissue augmentation: a review. Dermatol Surg . 1995; 21 491-500
2 Patrick Jr W C. Tissue engineering strategies for adipose tissue repair. Anat Rec . 2001; 263 361-366
3 Elson M L. Dermal filler materials. Dermatol Clin . 1993; 11 361-367
4 Patrick Jr W C. Tissue engineering of fat. Semin Surg Oncol . 2000; 19 302-311
5 Klein A W. Injectable collagen. In: Moschella SL, HJ Hurley, eds. Dermatology Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders 1992: 2455
6 Kligman A M, Armstrong R C. Histologic response to intradermal Zyderm and Zyplast collagen in humans. J Dermatol Surg Oncol . 1986; 12 351-357
7 Clark D P, Hawke C W, Swanson N. Dermal implants: safety of products injected for soft tissue augmentation. J Am Acad Dermatol . 1989; 21 992-998
8 Stegman S J, Chu S, Armstrong R C. Adverse reactions to bovine collagen implant: clinical and histological features. J Dermatol Surg Oncol . 1988; 14 (suppl 1) 39-48
9 Cooperman L S, Mackinnon V, Bechler G. Injectable collagen: a six-year clinical investigation. Aesth Plast Surg . 1985; 9 145-152
10 Stegman S J, Tromovitch T A. Injectable collagen. In: Stegman SJ, Tromovitch TA, eds. Cosmetic Dermatologic Surgery Chicago, IL: Year Book Medical Publishers 1984: 131
11 Siegle R J, McCoy Jr P J, Shade W, Swanson N A. Intradermal implantation of bovine collagen: humoral response associated with clinical reactions. Arch Dermatol . 1984; 120 183-187
12 Gold M H. The fibrel mechanism of action study: a preliminary report. J Dermatol Surg Oncol . 1984; 20 586
13 Nunery W R, Hetzler K J. Dermal fat grafts as a primary enucleation technique. Ophthalmology . 1985; 92 1256
14 Alster T S, West T B. Human-derived and new synthetic injectable materials for soft-tissue augmentation: current status and role in cosmetic surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2000; 105(7) 2515-2525
15 Devore D P, Kelman D C, Fagien S, Casson P. Autologen: autologous, injectable dermal collagen. In: Bosniak S, ed. Ophthalmic Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; 1996
16 Devore D P, Hughes E, Scott J B. Effectiveness of injectable filler materials for smoothing wrinkle lines and expressed scars. Med Prog Technol . 1994; 20 243
17 Fagien S. Autologous collagen injections to treat deep glabellar furrows (letter). Plast Reconstr Surg . 1994; 93 642
18 Patrick Jr C W, Chauvin P B. et al . Tissue engineered adipose. In: Patrick CW Jr, Mikos AG, McIntire LV, eds. Frontiers in Tissue Engineering Oxford, UK: Elsevier 1998: 369-382
19 Billings Jr E, May Jr W J. Historical review and present status of free fat graft autotransplantation in plastic and reconstructive surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1989; 83 368-381
20 Ersek R A. Transplantation of purified autologous fat: a three-year follow-up disappointing. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1991; 87 219-227
21 Coleman S R. Facial reconstruction with lipostructure. Clin Plast Surg . 1997; 24 347-367
22 Coleman S R. Long-term survival of fat transplants: controlled demonstrations. Aesth Plast Surg . 1995; 19 421-425
23 Robb G L, Miller M J, Patrick Jr W C. Breast reconstruction. In: Atala A, Lanza R, eds. Methods in Tissue Engineering San Diego, CA: Academic Press 2002: 881-889
24 Gilboa D, Borenstein A, Flors S. Emotional and psychological adjustment of women to breast reconstruction and detection of subgroups at risk for psychological morbidity. Ann Plast Surg . 1990; 25 397-401
25 American Society of Plastic Surgery, 2001 National Clearing House of Plastic Surgery Statistics. 2000
26 Cohen B E, Casso D, Whetstone M. Analysis of risks and aesthetics in a consecutive series of tissue expansion breast reconstructions. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1992; 89 840-843
27 Bostwick J, Jones G. Why I choose autologous tissue in breast reconstruction. Clin Plast Surg . 1994; 21 165
28 Schusterman M A, Kroll S S, Weldon M E. Immediate breast reconstruction: why the free TRAM over the conventional TRAM?. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1992; 90 255-261
29 Langer R, Vacanti C A. Tissue engineering. Science . 1993; 260 920-926
30 West J L, Hubbell J A. Bioactive polymers. In: Atala A and Mooney D, eds. Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds New York: Springer Verlag 1996
31 Mann B K, Gobin A S, Tsai A T, Schmedlen R H, West J L. Smooth muscle cell growth in photopolymerized hydrogels with cell adhesive and proteolytically degradable domains: synthetic ECM analogs for tissue engineering. Biomaterials . 2001; 22 3045-3051
32 Brey E M, Patrick Jr W C. Tissue engineering applied to reconstructive surgery. IEEE Eng Med Biol . 2000; 19 122-125
33 Patrick Jr W C, Chauvin P B, Reece G P. Preadipocyte seeded PLGA scaffolds for adipose tissue engineering. Tissue Eng . 1999; 5 139-151
34 Patrick Jr W C, Zheng B, Johnston C, Reece G P. Long-term implantation of preadipocyte-seeded PLGA scaffolds. Tissue Eng . 2002; 8(2) 283-293
35 Kral J G, Crandall D L. Development of a human adipocytes synthetic polymer scaffold. Plast Reconstr Surg . 1999; 104(6) 1732-1738
36 Von Heimburg D, Zachariah S, Heschel I. Human preadipocytes seeded on freeze-dried collagen scaffolds investigated in vitro and in vivo. Biomaterials . 2001; 22 429-438
37 Von Heimburg D, Zachariah S, Low A, Pallua, N. Influence of different biodegradable carriers on the in vivo behavior of human adipose precursor cells. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2001; 108(2) 411-420
38 Von Heimburg D, Zachariah S, Low A, Pallua N. Influence of different biodegradable carriers on the in vivo behavior of human adipose precursor cells (discussion). Plast Reconstr Surg . 2001; 108(2) 421-422
39 Halberstadt C, Austin C, Rowley J. A hydrogel material for plastic and reconstructive applications injected into the subcutaneous space of a sheep. Tissue Eng . 2002; 8(2) 309-319
40 Heschel I, Luckge C, Rodder M, Garbering C, Rau C. Possible applications of directional solidification techniques in cryobiology. In: Kittel P, ed. Advances in Cryogenic Engineering New York: Plenum Press 1996: 13-19
41 Heschel I, Rau G. Method for producing porous structures. Int Patent App PCT/DE 98/03403, November 19, 1997
42 Roweton S, Freeman L, Patrick Jr W C, Dempsy K, Zimmerman M. Preadipocyte-seeded absorbable matrices, Johnson & Johnson Excellence in Science Symposium 2000, New Jersey.
43 Andrade J D. Hydrogels for medical and related applications. ACS Symposium Series. Washington DC, 1976: 31
44 Peppas N A. Hydrogels in Medicine and Pharmacy. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press 1987
45 Patrick Jr W C, Wu X. Integrin-mediated preadipocyte adhesion and migration on laminin-1 (in press). Ann Biomed Eng.
46 Elisseeff J, McIntosh W, Anseth K. Photoencapsulation of chondrocytes in poly(ethylene oxide)-based semi-interpenetrating networks. J Biomed Mater Res . 2000; 51 164-171
47 Eiselt P, Yeh J, Latvala R K. Porous carriers for biomedical applications based on alginate hydrogels. Biomaterials . 1999; 20 45
48 Halberstadt C R, Mooney D J, Burg K JL. The design and implementation of an alginate material for soft tissue engineering. Sixth World Biomaterial Congress 2000.
49 Huss F RM, Kratz G. Mammary epithelial cell and adipocytes co-culture in a 3-D matrix: the first step towards tissue-engineered human breast tissue. Cells Tissues Organs . 2001; 169 361-367
50 Kawaguchi N, Toriyama K, Nicodemou-Lena E. De novo adipogenesis in mice at the site of injection of basement membrane and basic fibroblast growth factor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 1998; 95 1062
51 Passaniti A, Taylor R M, Pili R. A simple, quantitative method for assessing angiogenesis and antiangiogenic agents using reconstituted basement membrane, heparin, and fibroblast growth factor. Lab Invest . 1992; 67 519
52 Toriyama K, Kawaguchi N, Kitoh J. Endogenous adipocytes precursor cells for regenerative soft-tissue engineering. Tissue Eng . 2002; 8(1) 157-165
53 Kimura Y, Ozeki M, Inamoto T, Tabata Y. Time course of de novo adipogenesis in Matrigel by gelatin microspheres incorporating basic fibroblast growth factor. Tissue Eng . 2002; 8(4) 603-613
54 Beahm E, Wu L, Walton R L. Lipogenesis in a vascularized engineered construct. American Society of Reconstructive Microsurgeons 2000, San Diego, CA
55 Yuksel E, Weinfeld A B, Cleek R. De novo adipose tissue generation through long-term, local delivery of insulin and insulin-like growth factor-1 by PLGA/PEG microspheres in an in vivo rat model: a novel concept and capability. Plast Reconstr Surg . 2000; 105(5) 1721-1729